Widespread use of advanced process control allows reduction of costs, by reducing drying time and... energy consumption. The “control of the freezing stage” (by forced nucleation) also appears to be beneficial to process intensification, as it can impact the product structure and modify the product resistance to mass transfer.
Freeze Drying of Pharmaceutical Products provides an overview of the most recent and cutting-edge developments and technologies in the field, focusing on formulation developments and process monitoring and considering new technologies for process development. This book contains case studies from freeze dryer manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies for readers in industry and academia.
The stochastic nature of nucleation makes it difficult to control batch homogeneity in convention...al freezing, and this lack of control is in contrast with the current emphasis on Quality by Design.
The goal of this paper is to review the available process analytical technology tools for monitor...ing the batch freeze-drying process for pharmaceuticals.
This work investigates the behavior during freeze-drying of packing structures formed by spray-fr...ozen microparticles. A multi-scale approach is used to study spray freeze-drying, and in particular, mass transfer during primary drying and its duration.