Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics for improving freeze-dryers design and process understanding. Part 2: Condenser duct and valve modelling

This manuscript shows how computational models, mainly based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD...), can be used to simulate different parts of an industrial freeze-drying equipment and to properly design them; in particular in this part the duct connecting the chamber with the condenser, with its valves, is considered, while the

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