This chapter introduces readers to the freeze-drying process of pharmaceutical products. Process ...objectives and constraints are presented and discussed, as well as the equipment that carries out the process.
Process industry is characterized by the existence of several, usually competitive, technical sol...utions that can be used to achieve a certain result. In this paper competing technologies for the treatment of lean VOC-air mixtures are compared on the basis of more relevant operational parameters: the energy consumption, the out-of-service time and monetary risk.
The risks identification is a key step for the safe design of a manufacturing process and, in thi...s framework, once the threats to the process have been pointed out, it is important to evaluate their consequences, as well as their causes.
Freezing of the paper material is a way to control the growth of microorganisms and the possibili...ty of “acute” biodeterioration and illness, after accidental events, e.g. flooding. But as the paper-born microorganisms can survive after lyophilisation, they must be controlled also